Armed conflicts in urban areas have particularly devastating consequences for children. Urban warfare causes civilian deaths and extensive human suffering that can be addressed through a range of measures.

• Advocate for/ensure that the protection of children is specifically addressed in urban warfare doctrine

• Advocate for/ensure that urban warfare planning team considers the specific situation for children when reviewing options to avoid and/or mitigate harm to civilians

• Develop, implement, and maintain policy and operational procedures for the effective protection of civilians (including children) and civilian objects in the planning and conduct of military operations in urban areas

• Advocate to avoid, prevent and reduce harm to civilians, including children, wherever possible

• Endorse and implement the Political Declaration on Strengthening the Protection of Civilians from the Humanitarian Consequences arising from the use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas

• Implement Security Council resolution 2573 (2021) on protection of civilian infrastructure

• Adapt the humanitarian and development response to the needs and vulnerabilities of the population in urban areas